All statistics
314 measures from official sources. Filter by topic, source or how often the data is released, then open a measure to see its chart, table and download.
Population and ageing 30
Population on 1 January, by region
Number of people usually resident in the region on 1 January of the year.
Population density, by region
Average population of the year divided by the land area of the region, in people per square kilometre.
Median age of the population, by region
The age that divides the population of the region on 1 January into two halves of equal size.
Old-age dependency ratio, by region
People aged 65 or over as a percentage of people aged 15 to 64 in the region on 1 January.
Total fertility rate, by region
The average number of children a woman in the region would have over her lifetime if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the year.
Population on 1 January
The number of people usually resident in the country on 1 January of the year. It is a stock count on one date, not an annual average.
Population by age group and sex
The number of people usually resident on 1 January, by sex and five-year age group. The age structure is shown as a population pyramid on each country...
Crude birth rate (Eurostat)
Live births during the year per 1,000 people in the average population of that year.
Crude death rate (Eurostat)
Deaths during the year per 1,000 people in the average population of that year. It is not age-standardised, so countries with older populations have h...
Total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the year. About 2.1 is ofte...
Share of population aged 65 and over (Eurostat)
People aged 65 or over as a share of the total population on 1 January.
Median age of the population
The age that divides the population into two equal halves on 1 January: half the people are younger and half are older.
Old-age dependency ratio
People aged 65 or over per 100 people aged 15 to 64 on 1 January. It describes age structure only; it does not measure who works or receives a pension...
Natural population change
Live births minus deaths during the year, per 1,000 people in the average population. A negative value means more deaths than births.
Population, estimates and projections to 2100
Total population on 1 July. Estimates up to 2023 and medium-variant projections from 2024 to 2100 by the UN Population Division, based on assumed futu...
Median age, estimates and projections to 2100
The age that divides the population into two halves of equal size, on 1 July. UN estimates up to 2023 and medium-variant projections from 2024.
Total fertility rate, estimates and projections to 2100
The average number of children a woman would have over her lifetime at the age-specific fertility rates of the year. UN estimates up to 2023 and mediu...
Population growth rate, estimates and projections to 2100
Average exponential rate of change of the total population over the year, in percent, including births, deaths and migration. UN estimates up to 2023...
Population (UN estimates)
Total population counting all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, as midyear estimates. Figures for recent years can be revised with...
Population growth
The exponential rate of growth of midyear population from the previous year to this year.
Share of population aged 65 and over (UN estimates)
People aged 65 and above as a percentage of the total midyear population, de facto definition.
Share of population aged 0 to 14
Children aged 0 to 14 as a percentage of the total midyear population.
Fertility rate (UN estimates)
The number of children a woman would have over her lifetime if she experienced the current age-specific fertility rates.
Crude birth rate (UN estimates)
Live births during the year per 1,000 people, estimated at midyear.
Crude death rate (UN estimates)
Deaths during the year per 1,000 people, estimated at midyear. Not age-standardised.
Urban population share
People living in urban areas as defined by each national statistical office, as a share of the total population. National definitions of urban areas d...
Adolescent birth rate
Births to women aged 15 to 19 per 1,000 women of that age.
Age dependency ratio
People younger than 15 or older than 64 per 100 people aged 15 to 64.
Population density
Midyear population divided by land area in square kilometres.
Urban population growth
The annual growth rate of the population living in urban areas as defined nationally.
Health and healthcare 48
Life expectancy at birth, by region
The number of years a newborn would live on average if the death rates by age in the region in that year stayed the same throughout life.
Infant mortality rate, by region
Deaths of children under one year of age in the region per 1,000 live births in the same year.
Hospital beds per 100,000 inhabitants, by region
Hospital beds available in the region per 100,000 inhabitants.
Life expectancy at birth (Eurostat)
The average number of years a newborn would live if the death rates of the reference year stayed the same throughout life. Both sexes combined.
Infant mortality rate (Eurostat)
Deaths of children under one year of age during the year per 1,000 live births in the same year.
Hospital beds
Available beds in all hospitals (HP.1), including curative, rehabilitative, long-term and psychiatric care beds, per 100,000 inhabitants.
Practising physicians
Physicians who provide services directly to patients, per 100,000 inhabitants. Some countries report only professionally active or licensed physicians...
People reporting good or very good health
People aged 16 or over who describe their general health as good or very good in the EU survey on income and living conditions. It reflects personal p...
Health expenditure as a share of GDP (Eurostat)
Current spending on health care from all financing schemes (government, compulsory insurance, voluntary insurance and households' out-of-pocket paymen...
Practising nurses
Nurses with a qualification recognised under EU rules who provide services directly to patients, per 100,000 inhabitants. National coverage of nursing...
Healthy life years at birth
The number of years a newborn can expect to live without limitations in usual activities due to health problems, combining mortality data with self-re...
Life expectancy at age 65
The average number of further years a person aged 65 would live if the death rates of the reference year stayed the same for the rest of their life.
Adults with obesity
People aged 15 and over with a body mass index of 30 or more, based on self-reported height and weight in the European Health Interview Survey, which...
Daily smokers
People aged 15 and over who smoke tobacco products every day, from the European Health Interview Survey, which runs about every five years.
Life expectancy at birth, estimates and projections to 2100
The average number of years a newborn would live if the death rates of the year stayed the same throughout life. UN estimates up to 2023 and medium-va...
Life expectancy at age 65, estimates and projections to 2100
The average number of further years a person aged 65 would live at the death rates of the year. UN estimates up to 2023 and medium-variant projections...
Healthy life expectancy at birth
The average number of years a newborn can expect to live in full health, taking into account years lived in less than full health because of disease o...
Universal health coverage service coverage index
A summary of how well essential health services reach the population, from 0 to 100, based on 14 tracer indicators of reproductive, maternal, newborn...
Recorded alcohol consumption per person aged 15 and over
Litres of pure alcohol in recorded sales or production of beer, wine, spirits and other drinks, per person aged 15 or over, in a calendar year. Unreco...
Obesity among adults (age-standardised)
Share of adults aged 18 and over with a body mass index of 30 kg/m² or more, age-standardised so countries with different age structures can be compar...
Hypertension among adults aged 30 to 79 (age-standardised)
Share of adults aged 30 to 79 with high blood pressure (systolic 140 mmHg or more, diastolic 90 mmHg or more) or taking medication for it, age-standar...
Suicide mortality rate (age-standardised)
Deaths by suicide per 100,000 people in a year, age-standardised to the WHO standard population (SDG indicator 3.4.2). WHO estimate.
Probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 from the main noncommunicable diseases
The chance that a 30-year-old would die before age 70 from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease, if current death r...
Insufficient physical activity among adults
Share of adults aged 18 and over who do less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity a week, or a...
DTP3 immunisation coverage among one-year-olds
Share of one-year-olds who have received three doses of the combined diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine. WHO and UNICEF estimates of nat...
Anaemia among women aged 15 to 49
Share of women aged 15 to 49, pregnant or not, whose blood haemoglobin is below the WHO threshold for anaemia. WHO modelled estimate.
Deaths from unintentional poisoning
Deaths caused by accidental poisoning, for example by chemicals, household products or carbon monoxide, per 100,000 people (SDG indicator 3.9.3). WHO...
Nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 people
Nurses and midwives working in the country per 10,000 people, as reported to WHO's National Health Workforce Accounts.
Dentists per 10,000 people
Dentists working in the country per 10,000 people, as reported to WHO's National Health Workforce Accounts.
Life expectancy at birth (UN estimates)
The number of years a newborn would live if the mortality patterns at the time of birth stayed the same throughout life.
Life expectancy at birth, women
The number of years a newborn girl would live if current mortality patterns stayed the same throughout her life.
Life expectancy at birth, men
The number of years a newborn boy would live if current mortality patterns stayed the same throughout his life.
Current health expenditure as a share of GDP (WHO)
Spending on health care goods and services consumed during the year, from all sources, as a percentage of GDP. Capital spending such as buildings and...
Under-five mortality rate
The probability that a newborn dies before reaching age five, per 1,000 live births, at the age-specific mortality rates of the year. These are modell...
Infant mortality rate (UN estimates)
The number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in the year. These are modelled estimates.
Maternal mortality ratio
Women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy, per 100,000 live births. These are modelled esti...
Physicians per 1,000 people (WHO)
Generalist and specialist medical practitioners per 1,000 people. National definitions of who is counted vary.
Hospital beds per 1,000 people (WHO)
Inpatient beds available in public, private, general and specialised hospitals and rehabilitation centres, per 1,000 people.
Measles immunisation of children
Children aged 12 to 23 months who received at least one dose of measles vaccine before their first birthday or at any time before the survey.
Prevalence of tobacco use among adults
People aged 15 and over who currently use any tobacco product, smoked or smokeless, daily or not. These are age-standardised modelled estimates.
Out-of-pocket health spending
Payments made directly by households at the point of care, such as fees and co-payments not reimbursed by insurance, as a share of all current health...
Health spending per person (US dollars)
Current spending on health care goods and services per person, in current US dollars at market exchange rates.
Diabetes prevalence, ages 20 to 79
People aged 20 to 79 with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, as estimated by the International Diabetes Federation and age-standardised.
Neonatal mortality rate
Newborns dying in the first 28 days of life, per 1,000 live births. These are modelled estimates.
Stunting in children under five
Children under five whose height for their age is more than two standard deviations below the WHO growth standard median, a sign of chronic undernutri...
Malaria incidence
New malaria cases per 1,000 people at risk of the disease during the year. Countries without malaria transmission have no value.
Tuberculosis incidence
Estimated new and relapse tuberculosis cases per 100,000 people during the year.
HIV incidence, ages 15 to 49
New HIV infections during the year per 1,000 uninfected people aged 15 to 49. UNAIDS modelled estimates.
Employment and occupations 27
Unemployment rate, ages 15 to 74, by region
Unemployed people aged 15 to 74 living in the region as a share of the labour force of the same age, from the EU Labour Force Survey.
Youth unemployment rate, ages 15 to 24, by region
Unemployed people aged 15 to 24 living in the region as a share of the labour force of the same age. Students without a job who are not looking for on...
Long-term unemployment rate, by region
People aged 15 to 74 who have been unemployed for 12 months or more, as a share of the labour force in the region.
Employment rate, ages 20 to 64, by region
Employed people aged 20 to 64 living in the region as a share of all people of that age in the region.
Unemployment rate, ages 15 to 74
Unemployed people aged 15 to 74 as a share of the labour force of the same age. The labour force is everyone who is employed or unemployed. People wit...
Youth unemployment rate, ages 15 to 24
Unemployed people aged 15 to 24 as a share of the labour force of the same age. Many young people are students outside the labour force, so this is no...
Long-term unemployment rate
People aged 15 to 74 who have been unemployed for 12 months or more, as a share of the labour force of the same age.
Employment rate, ages 20 to 64
Employed people aged 20 to 64 as a share of the total population of the same age, based on the EU Labour Force Survey.
Employment rate of women, ages 20 to 64
Employed women aged 20 to 64 as a share of all women of the same age, based on the EU Labour Force Survey.
Monthly unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted)
Unemployed people as a share of the labour force for each month, seasonally adjusted. Eurostat's monthly series covers ages 15 to 74 for most countrie...
Usual weekly working hours
The average number of hours employed people aged 15 to 64 usually work per week in their main job, full-time and part-time combined, from the EU Labou...
Part-time employment
People aged 15 to 64 working part-time as a share of all employed people of that age. Whether a job is part-time is based on the respondent's own answ...
Monthly youth unemployment rate, under 25 (seasonally adjusted)
Unemployed people under 25 as a share of the labour force of that age, each month, seasonally adjusted.
Employment rate, ages 55 to 64
Employed people aged 55 to 64 as a share of the total population of that age, from the EU Labour Force Survey.
Spain unemployment rate, Labour Force Survey (EPA)
Unemployed people aged 16 and over as a share of the labour force of that age, from INE's quarterly Labour Force Survey (Encuesta de Población Activa)...
UK unemployment rate, aged 16 and over
Unemployed people aged 16 and over as a share of the economically active population of that age, seasonally adjusted. Monthly figures are averages of...
UK employment rate, aged 16 to 64
Employed people aged 16 to 64 as a share of all people of that age, seasonally adjusted. Monthly figures are averages of the three months ending in th...
UK economic inactivity rate, aged 16 to 64
People aged 16 to 64 who are neither in work nor looking for work (for example students, carers, long-term sick or retired), as a share of all people...
Unemployment rate (ILO modelled estimates)
Unemployed people aged 15 and over as a share of the labour force, from the ILO modelled estimates. The ILO fills gaps in national data with a statist...
Youth unemployment rate, ages 15 to 24 (ILO modelled estimates)
Unemployed people aged 15 to 24 as a share of the labour force of that age, from the ILO modelled estimates. Values for the current and following year...
Labour force participation rate (ILO modelled estimates)
People aged 15 and over who are employed or looking for work, as a share of the population of that age, from the ILO modelled estimates. Values for th...
Labour force participation rate of women (ILO modelled estimates)
Women aged 15 and over who are employed or looking for work, as a share of all women of that age, from the ILO modelled estimates. Values for the curr...
Employment-to-population ratio (ILO modelled estimates)
Employed people aged 15 and over as a share of the population of that age, from the ILO modelled estimates. The age range differs from the EU 20 to 64...
Monthly unemployment rate (OECD harmonised)
Unemployed people aged 15 and over as a share of the labour force, each month, seasonally adjusted, using OECD harmonised definitions based on ILO gui...
Employment in agriculture
People working in agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing as a share of all employed people. ILO modelled estimates.
Employment in industry
People working in mining, manufacturing, construction and utilities as a share of all employed people. ILO modelled estimates.
Employment in services
People working in trade, transport, hospitality, finance, public administration and other services as a share of all employed people. ILO modelled est...
Education and skills 24
Young people not in employment, education or training, ages 18 to 24, by region
People aged 18 to 24 who are not employed and have taken part in neither formal nor non-formal education or training in the four weeks before the surv...
Tertiary education attainment, ages 25 to 64, by region
People aged 25 to 64 whose highest completed level of education is tertiary (ISCED levels 5 to 8: short-cycle tertiary, bachelor's, master's or doctor...
Early leavers from education and training, by region
People aged 18 to 24 who have completed at most lower secondary education and are not in further education or training, as a share of all people of th...
Young people neither in employment nor in education or training (NEET)
People aged 15 to 29 who are not employed and not in any formal or non-formal education or training, as a share of all people of that age.
Tertiary education attainment, ages 25 to 34
People aged 25 to 34 who have completed tertiary education (ISCED 2011 levels 5 to 8: short-cycle, bachelor, master or doctoral), as a share of all pe...
Early leavers from education and training
People aged 18 to 24 who have at most lower secondary education and were not in any education or training in the four weeks before the survey.
Adult participation in learning
People aged 25 to 64 who took part in formal or non-formal education or training in the four weeks before the Labour Force Survey interview.
Youth not in employment, education or training (ILO modelled estimates)
Young people aged 15 to 24 who are not in employment, education or training, as a share of all people of that age, from the ILO modelled estimates. Va...
Completion rate, primary education
Share of children aged 3 to 5 years older than the official age for the last grade of primary school who have completed primary education, mostly meas...
Completion rate, lower secondary education
Share of young people aged 3 to 5 years older than the official age for the last grade of lower secondary school who have completed lower secondary ed...
Completion rate, upper secondary education
Share of young people aged 3 to 5 years older than the official age for the last grade of upper secondary school who have completed upper secondary ed...
Out-of-school rate, children of primary school age
Share of children of official primary school age who are not enrolled in primary or secondary school.
Out-of-school rate, adolescents of lower secondary school age
Share of adolescents of official lower secondary school age who are not enrolled in primary, secondary or higher education.
Out-of-school rate, youth of upper secondary school age
Share of young people of official upper secondary school age who are not enrolled in primary, secondary or higher education.
Total net enrolment rate, primary education
Children of official primary school age enrolled in primary or secondary school, as a share of all children of that age.
Youth literacy rate, ages 15 to 24
Share of people aged 15 to 24 who can both read and write, with understanding, a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Teachers with the minimum required qualifications, primary education
Share of primary school teachers who have at least the minimum academic qualifications required to teach at that level in the country (SDG indicator 4...
Education spending as a share of total government expenditure
General government spending on education (current, capital and transfers) as a share of total general government expenditure on all sectors. UIS calcu...
Government expenditure on education as a share of GDP
General government spending on education, including current, capital and transfer spending, as a percentage of GDP.
Primary school enrolment (gross)
Total enrolment in primary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population of official primary school age. It can exceed 100% because...
Tertiary education enrolment (gross)
Total enrolment in tertiary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population in the five-year age group following the official secondar...
Adult literacy rate
People aged 15 and above who can both read and write, with understanding, a short simple statement about their everyday life. Data come mainly from ce...
Primary school completion rate
New entrants to the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population at the entrance age to that grade. It can ex...
Secondary school enrolment (gross)
Total enrolment in secondary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population of official secondary school age. It can exceed 100%.
Economy and productivity 19
GDP per inhabitant in purchasing power standards, by region
Gross domestic product of the region at current prices divided by its average population, converted to purchasing power standards (PPS). PPS is an art...
GDP per inhabitant in euro, by region
Gross domestic product of the region at current market prices divided by its average population, in euro. Price levels differ between countries, so us...
GDP per capita in euro
Gross domestic product at market prices divided by the population, in current euro. Values are nominal and not adjusted for price-level differences; u...
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards (EU = 100)
Volume index of GDP per person in purchasing power standards, relative to the EU average set to 100. It removes price-level differences, so it compare...
Real GDP growth rate (Eurostat)
The percentage change in gross domestic product compared with the previous year, measured in chain-linked volumes so that price changes are removed.
Gross domestic product in euro
The total value of goods and services produced in the economy during the year, at market prices, in millions of current euro.
Quarterly GDP growth (seasonally adjusted)
The percentage change in real GDP compared with the previous quarter, using chain-linked volumes adjusted for seasonal and calendar effects.
Labour productivity growth per hour worked
The annual change in real output (GDP in chain-linked volumes) per hour worked by all employed people.
Quarterly GDP growth on a year earlier
The change in real GDP compared with the same quarter of the previous year, using chain-linked volumes adjusted for seasonal and calendar effects.
UK GDP growth, quarter on quarter
Change in real gross domestic product (chained volume measure, seasonally adjusted) compared with the previous quarter.
Gross domestic product in US dollars
Gross domestic product at purchaser's prices, converted from local currency at official annual exchange rates, in current US dollars. Exchange-rate mo...
GDP per capita in US dollars
GDP divided by midyear population, in current US dollars converted at official exchange rates. Not adjusted for price differences between countries.
GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international dollars)
GDP per person converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates, at constant 2021 prices. It adjusts for price-level differences...
GNI per capita, Atlas method
Gross national income per person converted to US dollars with the World Bank Atlas method, which smooths exchange-rate fluctuations. The World Bank us...
Real GDP growth (World Bank)
Annual percentage growth of GDP at market prices in constant local currency, so price changes are removed.
Services as a share of GDP
Value added by services, including trade, transport, government, finance, professional and personal services, as a percentage of GDP.
Investment (gross capital formation) as a share of GDP
Spending on additions to fixed assets (buildings, machinery, infrastructure) plus net changes in inventories, as a percentage of GDP.
Gross savings as a share of GDP
Gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers, as a percentage of GDP.
Household consumption per person (constant 2015 US dollars)
Spending by households and non-profit institutions serving households on goods and services, per person, at constant 2015 prices converted to US dolla...
Poverty and social protection 13
Disposable household income per inhabitant in purchasing power standards, by region
Net disposable income of private households in the region (income after taxes, social contributions and social benefits) divided by the population, in...
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion, by region
People who are at risk of poverty, severely materially and socially deprived, or living in a household with very low work intensity, as a share of the...
At-risk-of-poverty rate
People with equivalised disposable income, after social transfers, below 60% of the national median. It is a relative measure: it depends on income le...
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
People who are at risk of poverty, severely materially and socially deprived, or living in a household with very low work intensity. Each person is co...
Gini coefficient of disposable income (Eurostat)
A measure of how equally equivalised disposable income is spread across the population, from 0 (everyone has the same income) to 100 (one person has a...
Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20)
Total income received by the richest 20% of the population divided by the total income of the poorest 20%, using equivalised disposable income.
Severe material and social deprivation
People who cannot afford at least 7 of 13 items considered necessary for an adequate life in Europe, such as paying bills on time, a week's holiday, k...
Gini index (World Bank)
How much the distribution of income or consumption among individuals or households differs from a perfectly equal distribution, from 0 (perfect equali...
Income share held by the richest 10%
The share of total income or consumption that goes to the richest 10% of the population, from national household surveys.
Extreme poverty rate at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP)
The share of people living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 international prices, the World Bank's international extreme poverty line.
Poverty rate at national poverty lines
The share of the population living below each country's own national poverty line. National lines differ, so this is best used to follow one country o...
Poverty rate at $4.20 a day (2021 PPP)
The share of people living on less than $4.20 a day at 2021 international prices, the World Bank's poverty line for lower-middle-income countries.
Poverty rate at $8.30 a day (2021 PPP)
The share of people living on less than $8.30 a day at 2021 international prices, the World Bank's poverty line for upper-middle-income countries.
Internet and digital society 10
Households with internet access, by region
Households with at least one member aged 16 to 74 that have internet access at home, as a share of all such households in the region.
Households with internet access
Households with internet access at home, by any type of connection. The survey covers households with at least one member aged 16 to 74. This measures...
People who used the internet in the last three months
People who used the internet at least once in the three months before the survey, anywhere and on any device. The survey covers people aged 16 to 74.
People who use the internet daily
People who used the internet every day or almost every day, on average, in the three months before the survey. The survey covers people aged 16 to 74.
People with at least basic digital skills
People whose skills are at basic or above basic level in all five areas of the Digital Skills Indicator 2.0: information and data literacy, communicat...
People who bought goods or services online
People who bought or ordered goods or services over the internet for private use in the twelve months before the survey. The survey covers people aged...
ICT specialists in employment
People employed in information and communication technology occupations, such as software developers and ICT technicians, as a share of all employed p...
Individuals using the internet (ITU)
People who used the internet from any location in the previous three months, as a share of the population. Coverage of ages and survey methods differ...
Mobile phone subscriptions per 100 people
Subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service, including prepaid accounts active in the last three months, per 100 people. People can hold severa...
Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people
Fixed subscriptions to high-speed internet access at download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s, per 100 people. One subscription usually serves a whole h...
Tourism and accommodation 4
Nights spent in tourist accommodation, by region
Nights spent by residents and non-residents in hotels, holiday and other short-stay accommodation, and camping grounds in the region during the year.
Nights spent in tourist accommodation
Nights spent by residents and non-residents in hotels, holiday and other short-stay accommodation, and camping grounds. Each night a guest stays count...
Arrivals at tourist accommodation
Guests checking in at hotels, holiday and other short-stay accommodation, and camping grounds, residents and non-residents combined. One person stayin...
Bed-place occupancy rate in hotels
Net occupancy rate of bed places in hotels and similar accommodation: nights spent divided by the bed places available on the days the establishments...
Science and innovation 7
Research and development expenditure, by region
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development by all sectors (business, government, higher education and private non-profit) in the region, a...
Research and development expenditure (Eurostat)
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development by businesses, government, higher education and private non-profit organisations, as a percenta...
Researchers as a share of the labour force
Researchers in all sectors, in full-time equivalents, as a percentage of the labour force.
Patent applications to the European Patent Office
Patent applications filed with the European Patent Office, counted by the applicant's country of residence, per million inhabitants.
Research and development expenditure (UNESCO)
Gross domestic spending on research and development by business, government, higher education and private non-profit organisations, as a percentage of...
Researchers per million people
Professionals engaged in creating new knowledge, products, processes or methods, in full-time equivalents, per million people.
Scientific and technical journal articles
Scientific and engineering articles published in peer-reviewed journals, counted by the authors' institutional addresses. Articles with authors in sev...
Migration and citizenship 9
Immigration
People who established their usual residence in the country during the year, having previously lived elsewhere, regardless of citizenship.
Emigration
People who left the country during the year to establish their usual residence elsewhere, regardless of citizenship.
Acquisitions of citizenship
The number of people who were granted the citizenship of the country during the year.
First-time asylum applicants
People who lodged an application for international protection in the country for the first time during the year. Repeat applications are excluded.
Net migration rate
The difference between immigration and emigration during the year, per 1,000 people, estimated by Eurostat as total population change minus natural ch...
Net migration rate, estimates and projections to 2100
Immigrants minus emigrants during the year per 1,000 people. UN estimates up to 2023 and medium-variant projections from 2024, which assume migration...
Net migration
Immigrants minus emigrants during the year, including citizens and non-citizens, as estimated in World Population Prospects. A negative value means mo...
International migrants as a share of the population
People born in another country (or, where birthplace data are missing, foreign citizens), including refugees, as a share of the population. Estimates...
Personal remittances received
Money and goods sent home by migrant workers and other residents abroad, plus compensation of non-resident workers, as a percentage of GDP.
Wages and labour costs 6
Median equivalised net income
The middle value of household disposable income after taxes and social transfers, adjusted for household size and composition (equivalised), per perso...
Unadjusted gender pay gap
The difference between average gross hourly earnings of men and women, as a percentage of men's earnings. It covers industry, construction and service...
Hourly labour cost
Employer labour costs per hour worked: compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies, in nominal euro. Covers industry, construction and servic...
Monthly minimum wage
The national statutory minimum wage per month, before tax and social contributions, in euro. Countries paying more than 12 monthly wages a year have t...
Net earnings of a single worker on average pay
Annual net earnings, after income tax and employee social contributions and including family benefits, of a single person without children earning the...
UK average weekly earnings growth, total pay
Growth in average weekly earnings for the whole economy, total pay including bonuses and excluding arrears, seasonally adjusted: the three months to t...
Trade and investment 9
Exports of goods and services as a share of GDP (Eurostat)
The value of goods and services sold to the rest of the world, as a percentage of GDP. Small open economies can exceed 100% because exports include im...
Imports of goods and services as a share of GDP (Eurostat)
The value of goods and services bought from the rest of the world, as a percentage of GDP.
Current account balance, quarterly (Eurostat)
The balance of the current account with the rest of the world (trade in goods and services plus primary and secondary income) in each quarter, as a pe...
Exports of goods and services as a share of GDP (World Bank)
The value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world, as a percentage of GDP.
Imports of goods and services as a share of GDP (World Bank)
The value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world, as a percentage of GDP.
Trade as a share of GDP
The sum of exports and imports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP, a common measure of how open an economy is to trade.
Foreign direct investment, net inflows, as a share of GDP
Net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10% or more of voting stock) in enterprises in the country, from foreign investors...
Current account balance (World Bank)
The sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income and net secondary income, as a percentage of GDP. A positive value means the country...
High-technology exports
Exports of products with high research and development intensity, such as aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals and scientific instruments, as a share...
Prices and purchasing power 14
Inflation rate (HICP, annual average)
The change in the average level of the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices for all items over the year, compared with the previous year's average. The...
Harmonised consumer price index (HICP, 2015 = 100)
The average level of the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices for all items over the year, with 2015 set to 100. The ratio between two years shows how...
Monthly inflation rate (HICP, annual rate of change)
The change in the all-items Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices compared with the same month of the previous year.
Price level of household consumption (EU = 100)
Price level index for actual individual consumption, comparing the cost of the same basket of consumer goods and services between countries, with the...
Food price inflation (HICP)
The change in the average price level of food and non-alcoholic beverages in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices over the year, compared with the...
Energy price inflation (HICP)
The change in the average price level of energy for households (electricity, gas, heating fuels and motor fuels) in the Harmonised Index of Consumer P...
Spain consumer price index (CPI), annual rate
Change in Spain's national consumer price index for all items compared with the same month a year earlier, as published by INE. The harmonised index (...
UK consumer price inflation (CPI), annual rate
Change in the Consumer Prices Index for all items compared with the same month a year earlier. The CPI is the UK's version of the harmonised index of...
UK consumer price inflation including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH), annual rate
Change in the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers' housing costs and council tax, compared with the same month a year earlier. CPIH is the...
Monthly consumer price inflation (OECD)
The change in the national consumer price index for all items compared with the same month a year earlier, as compiled by the OECD from national sourc...
Consumer price inflation (World Bank)
The annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services, based on national consumer price indices...
Consumer price index (World Bank, 2010 = 100)
The average level of consumer prices in the year, based on national consumer price indices, with 2010 set to 100. The ratio between two years shows ho...
Inflation measured by the GDP deflator
The annual change in the implicit price deflator of GDP: the ratio of GDP in current prices to GDP in constant prices. It covers all domestic producti...
Official exchange rate (local currency per US dollar)
The exchange rate set by national authorities or determined in the legally sanctioned market, as an annual average, in local currency units per US dol...
Housing and households 10
House price change
The change in the average house price index compared with the previous year, covering all residential properties bought by households, new and existin...
Housing cost overburden rate
People living in households where total housing costs, net of housing allowances, are more than 40% of disposable income net of housing allowances.
Overcrowding rate
People living in a dwelling that does not have the minimum number of rooms for the household size, under the EU-SILC definition based on household com...
Home ownership rate
People living in a dwelling owned by a member of their household, with or without a mortgage, as a share of the population.
Inability to keep home adequately warm
People who report that their household cannot afford to keep the home adequately warm, from the EU survey on income and living conditions.
Average household size
The average number of people living in a private household, from the EU survey on income and living conditions.
Quarterly house price change (year on year)
The change in the house price index compared with the same quarter of the previous year, covering all residential property purchases by households.
Arrears on utility bills
People living in households that were in arrears on utility bills (heating, electricity, gas, water) in the past 12 months because of financial diffic...
Interest rate on new mortgage loans
The annualised agreed interest rate on new euro-denominated loans to households for house purchase, a composite of all initial fixation periods, as re...
Urban population living in slums
Urban residents living in households that lack one or more of: improved water, improved sanitation, sufficient living area, durable housing or secure...
Business and industry 8
Industrial production index (2021 = 100)
The volume of output in mining and quarrying, manufacturing and energy supply, as an annual index with 2021 set to 100, adjusted for calendar effects.
Enterprise birth rate
Enterprises born during the year as a percentage of all active enterprises, covering industry, construction and market services.
Industrial production, monthly change on a year earlier
The change in the volume of output of mining, manufacturing and energy supply compared with the same month a year earlier, adjusted for calendar effec...
Interest rate on new loans to businesses
The annualised agreed interest rate on new euro-denominated loans to non-financial corporations, a composite across loan sizes and fixation periods, a...
Industry, including construction, as a share of GDP
Value added by mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water and gas, as a percentage of GDP.
New businesses registered
New limited liability companies registered in the calendar year. Sole proprietorships and other legal forms are excluded.
Medium and high-tech manufacturing
Value added by medium and high-technology industries, such as chemicals, machinery, vehicles and electronics, as a share of total manufacturing value...
Manufacturing as a share of GDP
Value added by manufacturing industries, as a percentage of GDP.
Transport and mobility 8
Share of cars in inland passenger transport
Passenger cars as a share of total inland passenger transport by car, bus and coach, and train, measured in passenger-kilometres.
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants
The number of registered passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants.
Road traffic deaths (Eurostat)
People killed in road traffic accidents, including drivers, passengers and pedestrians who die within 30 days, per 100,000 inhabitants.
Rail passenger transport
The total distance travelled by rail passengers in the country, in millions of passenger-kilometres. One passenger travelling one kilometre counts as...
Road share of inland freight transport
Road transport as a share of inland freight transport by road, rail and inland waterways, measured in tonne-kilometres.
Zero-emission share of new passenger cars
Newly registered passenger cars that produce no exhaust emissions (battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell), as a share of all new passenger cars regi...
Road traffic deaths (WHO estimates)
Estimated deaths from road traffic injuries per 100,000 people. WHO adjusts national reports for under-recording, so values can differ from police cou...
Air passengers carried
Passengers carried on domestic and international flights by air carriers registered in the country.
Energy and electricity 11
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption
Renewable energy as a share of all energy consumed for electricity, heating and cooling, and transport, calculated with the SHARES methodology used fo...
Share of renewable energy in electricity
Electricity generated from renewable sources as a share of gross electricity consumption, using the SHARES methodology with normalised hydro and wind...
Energy import dependency
Net energy imports divided by gross available energy. Values above 100% occur when a country builds up stocks; negative values mean the country is a n...
Electricity price for households
The average price households pay for electricity, including all taxes and levies, for a household using 2,500 to 4,999 kWh a year (Eurostat consumptio...
Natural gas price for households
The average price households pay for natural gas, including all taxes and levies, for a household using 20 to 199 gigajoules a year (Eurostat consumpt...
Primary energy consumption
Gross available energy excluding energy used for non-energy purposes such as plastics, measured for the EU energy efficiency targets.
Access to electricity
People with access to electricity, based on household surveys and modelled where surveys are missing.
Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking
People who primarily use clean cooking fuels and technologies, such as electricity, gas or solar, rather than wood, charcoal, coal or kerosene.
Renewable energy consumption share (World Bank)
Renewable energy as a share of total final energy consumption, using the Tracking SDG 7 method. The method differs from Eurostat's SHARES calculation,...
Electricity from oil, gas and coal
Electricity generated from oil, natural gas and coal as a share of total electricity production.
Net energy imports (World Bank)
Energy use minus production, as a percentage of energy use. A negative value means the country is a net exporter of energy.
Climate and emissions 9
Greenhouse gas emissions per person (Eurostat)
Net greenhouse gas emissions reported under the UN climate convention, excluding land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), divided by populatio...
Total greenhouse gas emissions (Eurostat)
Total greenhouse gas emissions reported in the national inventories submitted to the UN climate convention, excluding LULUCF and memo items, in millio...
Temperature change on land compared with 1951 to 1980
Difference between the mean surface temperature over land in the country during the meteorological year (December to November) and the average for 195...
Agrifood system greenhouse gas emissions per person
Greenhouse gas emissions of the agrifood system per person, in CO2 equivalent (IPCC AR5 factors): emissions on farms, from land-use change, and from p...
Total greenhouse gas emissions (EDGAR)
Total emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, excluding land use, land-use change and forestry, in million tonnes o...
Greenhouse gas emissions per person (EDGAR)
Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding land use, land-use change and forestry, divided by population, in tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
Carbon dioxide emissions per person (EDGAR)
Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, industry and other sources, excluding land use, land-use change and forestry, divided by population.
Methane emissions (EDGAR)
Methane emissions from agriculture, energy, waste and industry, excluding land use, in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent using IPCC AR5 warming potenti...
Nitrous oxide emissions (EDGAR)
Nitrous oxide emissions, mainly from agricultural soils and fertilisers, industry and combustion, excluding land use, in million tonnes of CO2 equival...
Water, sanitation and waste 9
Municipal waste generated per person
Waste collected by or on behalf of municipalities, mainly from households and similar sources such as shops and offices, divided by population.
Recycling rate of municipal waste
The share of municipal waste that is recycled, including material recycling, composting and anaerobic digestion, out of all municipal waste generated.
Total waste generated per person
All waste generated by economic activities and households, hazardous and non-hazardous, including mineral waste from construction and mining, divided...
People using at least basic drinking water services
People using drinking water from an improved source, such as piped water or a protected well, with a collection time of no more than 30 minutes for a...
People using safely managed drinking water services
People using an improved water source on their premises that is available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination.
People using at least basic sanitation services
People using an improved sanitation facility, such as a flush toilet or covered pit latrine, that is not shared with other households.
Level of water stress
Total freshwater withdrawn by all sectors as a share of the renewable freshwater resources available after environmental flow requirements. Values abo...
Renewable internal freshwater per person
Internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall in the country, divided by population. Flows from other countries are excluded.
People using safely managed sanitation services
People using an improved, unshared sanitation facility where excreta are safely disposed of on site or treated off site.
Agriculture, food and fisheries 13
Area under organic farming
Farmland that is fully converted to organic farming or under conversion, as a share of utilised agricultural area excluding kitchen gardens.
Cost of a healthy diet per person per day
The cost of the cheapest locally available foods that meet the Healthy Diet Basket standard (starchy staples, vegetables, fruits, animal-source foods,...
People unable to afford a healthy diet
Share of the population whose income, after setting aside an amount for other basic needs, is too low to buy the cheapest healthy diet available local...
Pesticide use per hectare of cropland
Total agricultural use of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and others), in kilograms of active ingredients, divided by the area of cro...
Nitrogen fertiliser use per hectare of cropland
Agricultural use of mineral fertilisers measured as their nitrogen content, divided by the area of cropland.
Agriculture, forestry and fishing as a share of GDP
Value added by agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, as a percentage of GDP.
Cereal yield
Harvested cereal production, including wheat, rice, maize, barley and others, per hectare of harvested land. Crops harvested for hay or green feed are...
Agricultural land as a share of land area
Land that is arable, under permanent crops, or under permanent pastures, as a share of land area.
Capture fisheries production
The volume of fish and other aquatic animals caught for commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence purposes in marine and inland waters. Aqu...
Prevalence of undernourishment
The share of the population whose habitual food consumption is not enough to provide the dietary energy needed for a normal, active and healthy life....
Food production index (2014 to 2016 = 100)
The volume of edible food crops and livestock products that contain nutrients, relative to the 2014 to 2016 average. Coffee and tea are excluded.
Fertiliser use per hectare of arable land
Nitrogen, potash and phosphate fertilisers used per hectare of arable land in a year.
Land area
A country's total area excluding inland water bodies such as major rivers and lakes.
Government finance and taxation 12
Government debt as a share of GDP
Consolidated gross debt of general government (central, state and local government and social security funds) at nominal value at the end of the year,...
Government deficit or surplus
General government net lending (surplus, positive) or net borrowing (deficit, negative) during the year, as a percentage of GDP.
Government expenditure as a share of GDP
Total general government expenditure, including social benefits, compensation of employees, interest and investment, as a percentage of GDP.
Taxes and social contributions as a share of GDP
Total receipts from taxes on production and imports, taxes on income and wealth, capital taxes and social contributions, less amounts unlikely to be c...
Government spending on health
Total general government expenditure on health (COFOG division 07: medical products, outpatient and hospital services, public health), as a percentage...
Government spending on education
Total general government expenditure on education (COFOG division 09, all levels from pre-primary to tertiary), as a percentage of GDP.
Government spending on social protection
Total general government expenditure on social protection (COFOG division 10: pensions, sickness and disability, family, unemployment, housing and soc...
Government spending on defence
Total general government expenditure on defence (COFOG division 02: military and civil defence, foreign military aid), as a percentage of GDP, in nati...
Government debt, quarterly
Consolidated gross debt of general government at the end of each quarter, as a percentage of GDP over the four quarters to that date.
UK public sector net debt, % of GDP
Public sector net debt excluding public sector banks, as a share of gross domestic product, at the end of the month (not seasonally adjusted).
Tax revenue as a share of GDP (central government)
Compulsory transfers to central government for public purposes, as a percentage of GDP. Social security contributions and most fines are excluded, and...
Central government expense as a share of GDP
Cash payments by central government for operating activities, such as wages, goods and services, interest and social benefits, as a percentage of GDP....
Crime, justice and public safety 6
Intentional homicide rate (Eurostat)
Intentional homicides recorded by the police, under the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS 0101), per 100,000 inhabi...
People reporting crime, violence or vandalism in their area
People living in households that report crime, violence or vandalism in their local area. It reflects residents' perception, not recorded offences.
Robberies recorded by the police
Robberies (taking property using force or the threat of force, ICCS 0401) recorded by the police, per 100,000 inhabitants. Recording practices and leg...
Burglaries recorded by the police
Burglaries (gaining unauthorised access to premises to commit theft, ICCS 0501) recorded by the police, per 100,000 inhabitants.
Thefts recorded by the police
Thefts (taking property without force or threat, ICCS 0502) recorded by the police, per 100,000 inhabitants.
Intentional homicide rate (UNODC)
Unlawful deaths purposefully inflicted on a person by another person, per 100,000 people, from criminal justice and public health sources compiled by...
Culture, society and wellbeing 3
Cultural employment
People working in cultural occupations or in cultural sectors such as publishing, film, broadcasting, design, libraries and museums, as a share of all...
Average life satisfaction
The average answer of people aged 16 or over to the question of how satisfied they are with their life as a whole, on a scale from 0 (not at all satis...
Women in national parliament
Seats held by women in the single or lower chamber of the national parliament, as a share of all seats.
Air quality and ecosystems 5
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration
Annual mean concentration of fine particles of 2.5 micrometres or less in the air, weighted by where people live (SDG indicator 11.6.2). The WHO guide...
Forest area as a share of land area
Land under natural or planted stands of trees at least 5 metres tall, excluding trees in agricultural production systems and urban parks, as a share o...
Terrestrial and marine protected areas
Protected land and marine areas, such as nature reserves and national parks, as a share of total territorial area including territorial waters.
Mean annual exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
Population-weighted average annual concentration of fine particles smaller than 2.5 microns, which can penetrate deep into the lungs. WHO's 2021 guide...
Terrestrial protected areas
Protected land areas such as national parks and nature reserves, as a share of total land area. Marine areas are excluded.