Government deficit or surplus
General government net lending (surplus, positive) or net borrowing (deficit, negative) during the year, as a percentage of GDP.
27 countries have a value for 2025, the latest period in the data.
Trend over time
The chart loads when you scroll to it. The table below shows the same data.
The chart shows a calculation from the published values. The table below keeps the published values.
% of GDP. Source: Eurostat. Gaps mean no published value; points are not joined across missing years.
| Period | European Union | Germany | France | Spain |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | -3.1% | -2.9% | -5.1% | -2.4% |
| 2024 | -3.1% | -2.7% | -5.8% | -3.2% |
| 2023 | -3.4% | -2.2% | -5.4% | -3.3% |
| 2022 | -3.1% | -1.9% | -4.7% | -4.6% |
| 2021 | -4.6% | -3.2% | -6.6% | -6.7% |
| 2020 | -6.7% | -4.3% | -8.9% | -9.9% |
| 2019 | -0.5% | 1.3% | -2.4% | -3.1% |
| 2018 | -0.4% | 1.9% | -2.3% | -2.6% |
| 2017 | -0.9% | 1.3% | -3.4% | -3.1% |
| 2016 | -1.4% | 1.1% | -3.8% | -4.2% |
| 2015 | -1.9% | 0.9% | -3.9% | -5.3% |
| 2014 | -2.4% | 0.7% | -4.6% | -6.0% |
| 2013 | -3.1% | 0.1% | -4.9% | -7.5% |
| 2012 | -3.7% | -0.1% | -5.2% | -11.5% |
| 2011 | -4.1% | -0.8% | -5.3% | -9.7% |
| 2010 | -6.0% | -4.4% | -7.2% | -9.5% |
| 2009 | -6.1% | -3.2% | -7.4% | -11.2% |
| 2008 | -2.1% | -0.3% | -3.5% | -4.6% |
| 2007 | -0.6% | 0.2% | -3.0% | 1.9% |
| 2006 | -1.4% | -1.8% | -2.7% | 2.1% |
| 2005 | -2.4% | -3.4% | -3.5% | 1.2% |
| 2004 | -2.7% | -3.4% | -3.6% | -0.1% |
| 2003 | -3.1% | -3.8% | -4.1% | -0.4% |
| 2002 | -2.8% | -4.1% | -3.2% | -0.3% |
| 2001 | -2.0% | -3.1% | -1.4% | -0.5% |
A dash means no value was published for that period.
In short
- Among the 27 countries with a value for 2025, the highest is Cyprus (3.6%) and the lowest Romania (-7.8%).
- Half of the countries are above -2.5% and half below.
- From 2024 to 2025 the value rose in 10 countries and fell in 15.
- The figure for the European Union was -3.1% in 2025, against -6.7% in 2020 (+3.6 percentage points).
About this measure
Before comparing
- Negative values are deficits.
Source and dates
All countries in 2025 Every value is for 2025, so the countries are compared at the same point in time.
- 1 Cyprus 3.6%
- 2 Denmark 2.9%
- 3 Greece 2.0%
- 4 Ireland 1.8%
- 5 Portugal 0.7%
- 6 Netherlands -1.6%
- 7 Sweden -1.6%
- 8 Lithuania -1.8%
- 9 Luxembourg -1.8%
- 10 Estonia -2.0%
- 11 Malta -2.1%
- 12 Czechia -2.2%
- 13 Spain -2.4%
- 14 Latvia -2.5%
- 15 Slovenia -2.5%
- 16 Germany -2.9%
- 17 Croatia -3.0%
- 18 Italy -3.1%
- 19 Finland -3.8%
- 20 Bulgaria -4.0%
- 21 Austria -4.1%
- 22 Slovakia -4.4%
- 23 Hungary -4.7%
- 24 France -5.1%
- 25 Belgium -5.2%
- 26 Poland -7.2%
- 27 Romania -7.8%
- European Union -3.1%
Downloads
Share and cite
Other citation formats
Embed this chart on your site
Data as JSON: API · how to use it. Updates: Atom feed.
Report a problem with this figure
The plain link always shows the latest figures. The version link keeps today's numbers while that saved publication is retained (the most recent 30 publications).
Related measures
In this topic
Map
The map loads when you scroll to it.
Grey: no value for 2025. Colour groups split countries into roughly equal numbers. Boundaries: Natural Earth.