Government deficit or surplus by country, 2025
General government net lending (surplus, positive) or net borrowing (deficit, negative) during the year, as a percentage of GDP.
27 places ranked for 2025. Highest: Cyprus (3.6%). Lowest: Romania (-7.8%). The median is -2.5%.
Highest 10
- 1. Cyprus 3.6%
- 2. Denmark 2.9%
- 3. Greece 2.0%
- 4. Ireland 1.8%
- 5. Portugal 0.7%
- 6. Netherlands -1.6%
- 7. Sweden -1.6%
- 8. Lithuania -1.8%
- 9. Luxembourg -1.8%
- 10. Estonia -2.0%
Lowest 10
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Source: Eurostat.
In short
- Among the 27 countries with a value for 2025, the highest is Cyprus (3.6%) and the lowest Romania (-7.8%).
- Half of the countries are above -2.5% and half below.
- From 2024 to 2025 the value rose in 10 countries and fell in 15.
- The figure for the European Union was -3.1% in 2025, against -6.7% in 2020 (+3.6 percentage points).
Full ranking
| # | Country | Value | Period | Relative size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cyprus | 3.6% | 2025 | |
| 2 | Denmark | 2.9% | 2025 | |
| 3 | Greece | 2.0% | 2025 | |
| 4 | Ireland | 1.8% | 2025 | |
| 5 | Portugal | 0.7% | 2025 | |
| 6 | Netherlands | -1.6% | 2025 | |
| 7 | Sweden | -1.6% | 2025 | |
| 8 | Lithuania | -1.8% | 2025 | |
| 9 | Luxembourg | -1.8% | 2025 | |
| 10 | Estonia | -2.0% | 2025 | |
| 11 | Malta | -2.1% | 2025 | |
| 12 | Czechia | -2.2% | 2025 | |
| 13 | Spain | -2.4% | 2025 | |
| 14 | Latvia | -2.5% | 2025 | |
| 15 | Slovenia | -2.5% | 2025 | |
| 16 | Germany | -2.9% | 2025 | |
| 17 | Croatia | -3.0% | 2025 | |
| 18 | Italy | -3.1% | 2025 | |
| 19 | Finland | -3.8% | 2025 | |
| 20 | Bulgaria | -4.0% | 2025 | |
| 21 | Austria | -4.1% | 2025 | |
| 22 | Slovakia | -4.4% | 2025 | |
| 23 | Hungary | -4.7% | 2025 | |
| 24 | France | -5.1% | 2025 | |
| 25 | Belgium | -5.2% | 2025 | |
| 26 | Poland | -7.2% | 2025 | |
| 27 | Romania | -7.8% | 2025 |
Places are ordered from the highest to the lowest value. Group medians on this site are the middle value of the members with data for the same year; they are not official aggregates.
How this ranking works
Every country is ranked on its value for 2025, the latest period that most countries have, so all values are for the same point in time. Countries without a value for 2025 are left out. Groups and aggregates such as the European Union are not ranked. Values are as published by Eurostat; the ranking is a plain ordering from the highest to the lowest value and says nothing about whether a high value is good or bad.
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