Estonia

Population on 1 January 1,369,995 people 2025 · Eurostat Population by age and sex 1,369,995 people 2025 · Eurostat Crude birth rate 6.8 per 1,000 people 2025 · Eurostat Crude death rate 11.5 per 1,000 people 2025 · Eurostat Total fertility rate 1.18 births per woman 2024 · Eurostat Population aged 65 and over 20.9% 2025 · Eurostat Median age of the population 42.9 years 2025 · Eurostat Old-age dependency ratio 32.9 per 100 working-age people 2025 · Eurostat Natural population change -4.7 per 1,000 people 2025 · Eurostat Population estimates and projections 1,367,196 people 2023 · UN Population Division Median age estimates and projections 41.9 years 2023 · UN Population Division Fertility rate estimates and projections 1.35 births per woman 2023 · UN Population Division Population growth estimates and projections 0.00% 2023 · UN Population Division Population 1,366,475 people 2025 · World Bank Population growth -0.43% 2025 · World Bank Population aged 65 and over 21.8% 2025 · World Bank Population aged 0 to 14 15.3% 2025 · World Bank Fertility rate 1.18 births per woman 2024 · World Bank Crude birth rate 7.1 per 1,000 people 2024 · World Bank Crude death rate 11.5 per 1,000 people 2024 · World Bank Urban population share 70.7% 2025 · World Bank Adolescent birth rate 4.7 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 2024 · World Bank Age dependency ratio 58.9 per 100 working-age people 2025 · World Bank Population density 32.1 people per km² 2024 · World Bank Urban population growth -0.40% 2025 · World Bank

Immigration 18,634 immigrants 2024 · Eurostat Emigration 17,260 emigrants 2024 · Eurostat Acquisitions of citizenship 758 people 2024 · Eurostat First-time asylum applicants 1,005 applicants 2025 · Eurostat Net migration rate -2.1 per 1,000 people 2025 · Eurostat Net migration estimates and projections 4.2 per 1,000 people 2023 · UN Population Division Net migration -13,350 people 2025 · World Bank International migrant stock 14.9% 2024 · World Bank Personal remittances received 1.1% 2025 · World Bank

Unemployment rate, ages 15 to 74 7.5% 2025 · Eurostat Youth unemployment rate, ages 15 to 24 20.7% 2025 · Eurostat Long-term unemployment rate 1.8% 2025 · Eurostat Employment rate, ages 20 to 64 81.7% 2025 · Eurostat Employment rate of women, ages 20 to 64 81.4% 2025 · Eurostat Monthly unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted) 8.0% September 2026 · Eurostat Usual weekly working hours 37.7 hours per week 2025 · Eurostat Part-time employment 13.4% 2025 · Eurostat Monthly youth unemployment 23.9% September 2026 · Eurostat Employment of older workers 77.0% 2025 · Eurostat ILO estimate of the unemployment rate 8.3% 2025 · ILOSTAT ILO estimate of youth unemployment 19.7% 2025 · ILOSTAT Labour force participation 65.1% 2025 · ILOSTAT Women's labour force participation 61.0% 2025 · ILOSTAT Employment-to-population ratio 59.7% 2025 · ILOSTAT OECD monthly unemployment rate 8.0% September 2026 · OECD Employment in agriculture 3.0% 2025 · World Bank Employment in industry 26.0% 2025 · World Bank Employment in services 71.0% 2025 · World Bank

Median equivalised net income €17,146 per year 2025 · Eurostat Unadjusted gender pay gap 18.8%p (Provisional) 2024 · Eurostat Hourly labour cost €21.1 per hour 2025 · Eurostat Monthly minimum wage €946 per month H2 2026 · Eurostat Net annual earnings €22,537 per year 2025 · Eurostat

GDP per capita in euro €30,570 per person 2025 · Eurostat GDP per capita in PPS 79 (EU = 100) 2024 · Eurostat Real GDP growth 1.3% 2025 · Eurostat GDP in euro 41,875 million € 2025 · Eurostat Quarterly GDP growth (seasonally adjusted) 0.6% Q3 2026 · Eurostat Labour productivity growth 1.9% 2025 · Eurostat GDP growth, year on year 2.2% Q3 2026 · Eurostat GDP in US dollars US$47.0 billion 2025 · World Bank GDP per capita in US dollars US$34,418 per person 2025 · World Bank GDP per capita, PPP Int$41,604 per person 2025 · World Bank GNI per capita, Atlas method US$32,310 per person 2025 · World Bank Real GDP growth 0.6% 2025 · World Bank Services share of GDP 65.8% 2025 · World Bank Investment share of GDP 24.8% 2025 · World Bank Savings share of GDP 24.7% 2025 · World Bank Household consumption per person US$11,187 per person 2025 · World Bank

HICP inflation 4.8% 2025 · Eurostat HICP price index 162.57 (2015 = 100) 2025 · Eurostat Monthly HICP inflation 3.6%e (Estimated) October 2026 · Eurostat Consumer price level index 97 (EU = 100) 2024 · Eurostat Food price inflation (HICP) 7.0% 2025 · Eurostat Energy price inflation (HICP) -2.9% 2025 · Eurostat OECD monthly CPI inflation 3.5% September 2026 · OECD Consumer price inflation 4.8% 2025 · World Bank Consumer price index 180.0 (2010 = 100) 2025 · World Bank Inflation measured by the GDP deflator 3.8% 2025 · World Bank Exchange rate to the US dollar 0.885 per US$ 2025 · World Bank

House price change 5.2% 2025 · Eurostat Housing cost overburden rate 8.8% 2025 · Eurostat Overcrowding rate 17.9% 2025 · Eurostat Home ownership rate 79.7% 2025 · Eurostat Inability to keep home adequately warm 3.1% 2025 · Eurostat Average household size 2.1 people per household 2025 · Eurostat House prices, quarterly 5.8% Q2 2026 · Eurostat Arrears on utility bills 5.7% 2025 · Eurostat Mortgage interest rate 4.45% September 2026 · ECB Slum population 0.3% 2022 · World Bank

NEET rate, ages 15 to 29 11.2% 2025 · Eurostat Tertiary education attainment, ages 25 to 34 44.3% 2025 · Eurostat Early leavers from education and training 10.2% 2025 · Eurostat Adult participation in learning 23.8% 2025 · Eurostat ILO estimate of the youth NEET rate 10.3% 2025 · ILOSTAT Primary completion (UIS) 99.7% 2021 · UNESCO UIS Lower secondary completion 99.5% 2021 · UNESCO UIS Upper secondary completion 85.8% 2021 · UNESCO UIS Out-of-school children 3.4%nat_est (National estimate) 2024 · UNESCO UIS Out-of-school adolescents 2.6%nat_est (National estimate) 2024 · UNESCO UIS Out-of-school youth 10.0%nat_est (National estimate) 2024 · UNESCO UIS Primary net enrolment 96.6%nat_est (National estimate) 2024 · UNESCO UIS Youth literacy 99.9% 2011 · UNESCO UIS Education share of public spending 13.0% 2022 · UNESCO UIS Education spending 5.2% 2022 · World Bank Primary school enrolment (gross) 97.8% 2024 · World Bank Tertiary education enrolment (gross) 65.7% 2024 · World Bank Adult literacy rate 99.9% 2011 · World Bank Primary school completion rate 99.9% 2024 · World Bank Secondary school enrolment (gross) 108.5% 2024 · World Bank

Life expectancy at birth 79.4 years 2024 · Eurostat Infant mortality rate 1.4 per 1,000 live births 2024 · Eurostat Hospital beds 413 per 100,000 people 2024 · Eurostat Practising physicians 358 per 100,000 people 2024 · Eurostat People reporting good or very good health 57.8% 2025 · Eurostat Health spending share of GDP 8.1%p (Provisional) 2025 · Eurostat Practising nurses 683 per 100,000 people 2024 · Eurostat Healthy life years at birth 58.6 years 2024 · Eurostat Life expectancy at age 65 19.2 years 2024 · Eurostat Adults with obesity 21.1% 2019 · Eurostat Daily smokers 19.3% 2019 · Eurostat Life expectancy estimates and projections 79.2 years 2023 · UN Population Division Life expectancy at 65, estimates and projections 18.8 years 2023 · UN Population Division Healthy life expectancy 67.8 years 2023 · WHO UHC service coverage 79 2023 · WHO Alcohol consumption 12.39 litres 2024 · WHO Adult obesity 20.3% 2024 · WHO Hypertension 40.2% 2019 · WHO Suicide rate 14.0 per 100,000 people 2023 · WHO Premature NCD mortality 13.9% 2023 · WHO Physical inactivity 19.5% 2022 · WHO DTP3 immunisation 85% 2025 · WHO Anaemia in women 24.7% 2023 · WHO Poisoning deaths 0.7 per 100,000 people 2023 · WHO Nurses and midwives 70.4 per 10,000 people 2023 · WHO Dentists 10.29 per 10,000 people 2023 · WHO Life expectancy at birth 79.3 years 2024 · World Bank Life expectancy at birth, women 83.7 years 2024 · World Bank Life expectancy at birth, men 75.1 years 2024 · World Bank Health spending share of GDP 7.8% 2024 · World Bank Under-five mortality rate 2.0 per 1,000 live births 2024 · World Bank Infant mortality rate 1.5 per 1,000 live births 2024 · World Bank Maternal mortality ratio 5 per 100,000 live births 2023 · World Bank Physicians 3.47 per 1,000 people 2022 · World Bank Hospital beds 4.1 per 1,000 people 2023 · World Bank Measles immunisation 83% 2024 · World Bank Tobacco use 26.1% 2024 · World Bank Out-of-pocket health spending 21.4% 2024 · World Bank Health spending per person US$2,438 per person 2024 · World Bank Diabetes prevalence 6.9% 2024 · World Bank Neonatal mortality rate 0.9 per 1,000 live births 2024 · World Bank Child stunting 1.2% 2014 · World Bank Tuberculosis incidence 8 per 100,000 people 2024 · World Bank HIV incidence 0.10 per 1,000 people aged 15 to 49 2024 · World Bank

Households with internet access 95.4% 2025 · Eurostat Internet use in the last three months 94.9% 2025 · Eurostat Daily internet use 90.8% 2025 · Eurostat Basic digital skills 62.5% 2025 · Eurostat Online shopping 76.5% 2025 · Eurostat ICT specialists in employment 6.8%e (Estimated) 2025 · Eurostat Internet users 92.2% 2024 · World Bank Mobile subscriptions 151 per 100 people 2024 · World Bank Fixed broadband subscriptions 35.4 per 100 people 2024 · World Bank

Industrial production 91.4 (2021 = 100) 2025 · Eurostat Enterprise birth rate 12.1% 2024 · Eurostat Monthly industrial production 6.0% September 2026 · Eurostat Business loan interest rate 4.62% August 2026 · ECB Industry share of GDP 19.7% 2025 · World Bank New businesses registered 23,154 companies 2024 · World Bank Medium and high-tech manufacturing 31.8% 2024 · World Bank Manufacturing share of GDP 10.8% 2025 · World Bank

Exports share of GDP 78.2% 2025 · Eurostat Imports share of GDP 77.1% 2025 · Eurostat Current account balance, quarterly -2.6% Q2 2026 · Eurostat Exports share of GDP 78.4% 2025 · World Bank Imports share of GDP 77.4% 2025 · World Bank Trade as a share of GDP 155.8% 2025 · World Bank Foreign direct investment inflows -2.2% 2025 · World Bank Current account balance 0.4% 2025 · World Bank High-technology exports 18.4% 2024 · World Bank

Nights spent in tourist accommodation 6,716,281 nights 2025 · Eurostat Arrivals at tourist accommodation 3,693,465 arrivals 2025 · Eurostat Bed-place occupancy rate in hotels 43.0% 2025 · Eurostat

Car share of passenger transport 86.0%be (Source flag be) 2024 · Eurostat Car ownership 595 per 1,000 people 2025 · Eurostat Road traffic deaths 5.0 per 100,000 people 2024 · Eurostat Rail passenger transport 343 million passenger-km 2025 · Eurostat Road share of inland freight transport 85.4% 2024 · Eurostat New zero-emission cars 6.6% 2025 · Eurostat Road traffic deaths 4.5 per 100,000 people 2019 · World Bank Air passengers carried 857 passengers 2019 · World Bank

Renewable energy share 42.3%p (Provisional) 2025 · Eurostat Renewable electricity share 41.1%p (Provisional) 2025 · Eurostat Energy import dependency 4.6% 2024 · Eurostat Electricity price for households €0.2118 per kWh H1 2026 · Eurostat Natural gas price for households €0.0796 per kWh H1 2026 · Eurostat Primary energy consumption 4.0 Mtoe 2024 · Eurostat Access to electricity 100.0% 2024 · World Bank Clean cooking access 96.0% 2024 · World Bank Renewable energy share 38.0% 2021 · World Bank Fossil electricity share 43.2% 2025 · World Bank Net energy imports 6.1% 2024 · World Bank

Greenhouse gas emissions per person 7.5 t CO2e per person 2024 · Eurostat Total greenhouse gas emissions 10.2 Mt CO2e 2024 · Eurostat Temperature change 2.78e (Estimate) °C 2025 · FAOSTAT Agrifood emissions per person 7.79e (Estimate) t CO2e per person 2024 · FAOSTAT Total greenhouse gas emissions 14.1 Mt CO2e 2024 · World Bank Greenhouse gas emissions per person 10.3 t CO2e per person 2024 · World Bank CO2 emissions per person 7.76 t CO2 per person 2024 · World Bank Methane emissions 1.6 Mt CO2e 2024 · World Bank Nitrous oxide emissions 1.68 Mt CO2e 2024 · World Bank

PM2.5 air pollution 5.2 µg/m³ 2023 · WHO Forest area 57.2% 2024 · World Bank Protected areas 20.5% 2025 · World Bank PM2.5 air pollution exposure 5.9 µg/m³ 2023 · World Bank Terrestrial protected areas 21.6% 2025 · World Bank

Municipal waste generated per person 375 kg per person 2024 · Eurostat Recycling rate of municipal waste 36.4% 2024 · Eurostat Total waste generated per person 10,239 kg per person 2024 · Eurostat Basic drinking water access 100.0% 2024 · World Bank Safely managed drinking water 98.9% 2024 · World Bank Basic sanitation access 99.0% 2024 · World Bank Level of water stress 13.0% 2022 · World Bank Renewable internal freshwater per person 9,423 m³ per person 2022 · World Bank Safely managed sanitation 90.6% 2024 · World Bank

Area under organic farming 22.6% 2024 · Eurostat Cost of a healthy diet Int$4.89e (Estimate) per person per day 2025 · FAOSTAT Healthy diet unaffordable 10.2%e (Estimate) 2025 · FAOSTAT Pesticide use 1.09e (Estimate) kg/ha 2024 · FAOSTAT Nitrogen fertiliser use 51.1e (Estimate) kg/ha 2024 · FAOSTAT Agriculture share of GDP 1.6% 2025 · World Bank Cereal yield 3,733 kg per hectare 2024 · World Bank Agricultural land 23.0% 2024 · World Bank Capture fisheries production 65,354 tonnes 2024 · World Bank Prevalence of undernourishment 2.5% 2024 · World Bank Food production index 101.0 (2014-16 = 100) 2024 · World Bank Fertiliser use 72.4 kg per hectare 2024 · World Bank Land area 42,730 km² 2024 · World Bank

At-risk-of-poverty rate 19.5% 2025 · Eurostat Poverty or social exclusion rate 21.8% 2025 · Eurostat Income inequality (Gini) 30.9 (0 to 100) 2025 · Eurostat Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20) 5.07 times 2025 · Eurostat Severe material and social deprivation 3.5% 2025 · Eurostat Gini index 30.7 (0 to 100) 2023 · World Bank Income share held by the richest 10% 23.7% 2023 · World Bank Extreme poverty rate 0.3% 2023 · World Bank Poverty rate at national poverty lines 22.5% 2022 · World Bank Poverty rate at $4.20 a day (2021 PPP) 0.6% 2023 · World Bank Poverty rate at $8.30 a day (2021 PPP) 1.3% 2023 · World Bank

Government debt 24.0% 2025 · Eurostat Government deficit or surplus -2.0% 2025 · Eurostat Government spending 45.6% 2025 · Eurostat Tax-to-GDP ratio 36.6% 2025 · Eurostat Government spending on health 6.3% 2024 · Eurostat Government spending on education 6.3% 2024 · Eurostat Government spending on social protection 13.8% 2024 · Eurostat Government spending on defence 3.7% 2024 · Eurostat Government debt, quarterly 26.1%p (Provisional) Q2 2026 · Eurostat Tax revenue 22.7% 2024 · World Bank Central government expense 37.7% 2023 · World Bank

R&D spending share of GDP 2.08%p (Provisional) 2025 · Eurostat Researchers as a share of the labour force 1.06% 2024 · Eurostat European patent applications 59.9p (Provisional) per million people 2025 · Eurostat R&D spending share of GDP 1.84% 2023 · World Bank Researchers per million people 4,800 per million people 2023 · World Bank Scientific and technical journal articles 1,754 articles 2023 · World Bank

Intentional homicides 1.82 per 100,000 people 2024 · Eurostat Crime or vandalism in the area 4.3% 2023 · Eurostat Robberies recorded by the police 7.4 per 100,000 people 2024 · Eurostat Thefts recorded by the police 731 per 100,000 people 2024 · Eurostat Intentional homicides 1.5 per 100,000 people 2023 · World Bank

Cultural employment 5.3% 2025 · Eurostat Average life satisfaction 7.3 out of 10 2025 · Eurostat Women in national parliament 28.7% 2025 · World Bank